Temporal and geographical distribution of measles virus
genotypes in the prevaccine and postvaccine eras.

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(*country)- country specified confirmed as source of importation

(?country) – history of recent travel to country specified, however not confirmed as source of importation

(*unknown) –source country of importation not know

** Unique type strain, sequence analyses revealed isolate least divergent from wild-type A strain [1]

^# Indicates suspected year of original infection for SSPE cases

Genotype	Year of circulation	Country where measles identified (*country identified as source of importation)	Published reference
A (Wild-type)
	1950s - 1960s	Japan & Russia & Finland & Romania & USA	[2, 3]
	1956#	Northern Ireland (SSPE case**)	[1]
	1960	Czech Rep. & Slovakia	[4]
	1970s	Brazil	[5]
	1988; 1996	Russia	[4]
	1990 – 1998	USA & UK (*Russia) & Russia & China & Argentina	[2, 6-10]
B1
	1983	Cameroon	[3, 11]
B2
	1984	Gabon	[3, 11]
	2002; 2003	South Africa (*Angola); Angola	[12]
B3
	1993	Gambia	[13]
	1994	France (*West Africa)	[14]
	1994; 1995	USA (*Kenya)	[2, 15]
	1994 – 1998	Gambia & Nigeria	[16]
	1997 – 1998	Nigeria & Ghana	[17]
	1998; 2001; 2002	UK (*unknown; unknown; unknown)	[8, 18]
	1997 – 2003	Sudan	[19, 20]
	2000	Germany (*unknown)	[21]
	2001, 2003	Spain (*Algeria, Equatorial Guinea)	[22]
	2001	Cameroon	[13]
	2001	Burkino Faso & Democratic Republic of Congo & Republic of Congo	[23]
	2002	USA (*Nigeria)	[24]
	2002: 2003	Tunisia: Libya	[25]
C1
	1955#; 1956#	Northern Ireland (SSPE cases)	[1]
	1968#; 1971#; 1984#	Japan (SSPE cases)	[26]
	Early 1970s	USA (SSPE cell line)	[27]
	1970 - 1979; 1981	Spain (wild-type; SSPE)	[22, 27, 28]
	1979	Canada	[29]
	Mid 1980s	Germany (SSPE cases)	[27]
	1984; 1985	Japan	[27, 30]
	1992; 1993	Germany	[27, 28]
	1991 – 1994	Argentina	[31]
C2
	19720-01983	Denmark	[32]
	1977	USA	[3]
	Mid 1980s	Austria (SSPE)	[27]
	1984	Canada	[29]
	1990 – 1991	Australia	[33]
	1991; 1992; 1994	Netherlands	[27, 28, 34, 35]
	1990; 1992; 1993	Czech Rep. & Slovakia & Spain; Germany	[4, 22, 27, 28, 34]
	1992 – 1995	UK	[34, 36]
	1994; 1995; 1996	USA (*unknown; Italy; Germany)	[2, 15]
	1996	Brazil	[37]
	1996; 1997; 1998	UK (*Europe)	[8]
	1996 – 1997	Luxembourg (*Belgium & unknown)	[35]
	1996; 1997	Germany; Denmark	[4, 38]
	1997; 1998	USA (*Germany; Zimbabwe)	[39]
	1997	Canada (*Germany & France)	[29]
	1998	Netherlands	[40]
	1998 – 1999	Morocco	[41]
	1999 – 2000; 2002; 2003	Germany	[21, 42]
	2002; 2003	Spain	[22]
D1
	1960s# & 1970s#	Northern Ireland & UK (SSPE cases)	[1, 36]
	1973 – 1981	Australia	[33]
	1974; 1980#	UK (wild-type; SSPE)	[1, 27]
	1983; 1986	Northern Ireland	[36]
D2
	1978 - 1996	South Africa	[16, 34, 43]
	1992; 1999 - 2002	Zambia	[16, 44] (unpublished data)
	1999 – 2000	Ireland	[45]
	1999; 2000	UK (*unknown & Spain; Ireland)	[8]
	2000	USA (*Ireland)	[39]
D3
	1983; 1989 - 1992	USA	[15, 27]
	1983 – 2001	Japan	[5, 30, 46, 47]
	1991 - 1994	Micronesia	[48]
	1994	Taiwan	[49]
	1988; 1991; 1994 - 1995	UK	[36, 50]
	1996	USA (*Philippines)	[9]
	1997	Denmark (*unknown)	[38]
	1997	South Africa (SSPE)	[51]
	1993#; 1999	Papua New Guinea (SSPE cases)	[52]
	1999	Australia (*Japan)	[53]
	1999	Canada (*Japan)	[29]
	2000; 2001; 2002; 2004	USA (*all from Philippines)	[24, 39]
	2001	Australia (*USA)	[53]
	2001	Canada (*unknown)	[29]
	2002	Papua New Guinea	(Chibo, personal communication)
D4
	1978 - 1997	South Africa & Namibia	[16, 34, 43]
	1988 – 1989	Canada	[3, 29]
	1989	Pakistan	[32, 54]
	1995 – 1997; 1999; 2000; 2001	USA (*unknown; India & Kenya; Japan & Ethiopia; Pakistan & Kenya)	[2, 15, 39]
	1995; 1996; 1997; 1998; 2000; 2001	UK (*India & USA; Pakistan; India; Pakistan; Pakistan & India; Afghanistan)	[8]
	1997 – 1998	India	[55]
	1998	Denmark (*unknown)	[38]
	1998	Australia (*unknown)	[33]
	1998; 1999	Netherlands (*India); Nepal	[49]
	1998 - 1999	Ethiopia	[56]
	1998 – 2000; 2002	Russia	[57]
	2000; 2002	Germany (*unknown; unknown)	[21, 42]
	2002	Spain (*unknown)	[22]
	2002	UK (*Pakistan)	[18]
	2002	Canada (*India)	[29]
	2002	Australia (*unknown & Ethiopia)	(Chibo, personal communication)
	2002	Kenya	[58]
	2002; 2003	USA (*Pakistan; Lebanon)	[24]
	2003	Syria & Iran	[25]
	2003 - 2004	Croatia	[59]
D5
	1985 – 2001	Japan	[30, 46, 47, 60]
	1993	Micronesia (Island of Palau (*Japan))	[48]
	1993	Korea	[61]
	1993 - 1994	Thailand	[15]
	1994; 1995; 1996	USA (*Japan & unknown; Japan; Japan)	[2, 15]
	1995; 1997; 2000; 2001	UK (*unknown; Malaysia; Bangladesh; Thailand & Sth America)	[8]
	1996	Canada (*?USA)	[29]
	1997	Namibia	[16]
	1998	Australia (*unknown)	[33]
	1997 – 2001	USA (*Japan & unknown)	[39]
	1999; 2000; 2001	Australia (*Thailand; unknown; Japan & Guam &Thailand & UK & unknown)	[53]
	2001	Brazil (*Japan)	[37]
	2001	Canada (*unknown & Germany & New Zealand)	[29]
	2001 - 2002	Cambodia	[62]
	2002	Germany (*unknown)	[63]
	2002	UK	[64]
	2002	Guam (*unknown) & Thailand	[65]
	2002	Australia (*Thailand)	[66]
D6
	1990s #; 1992 – 1995	UK (SSPEcase); UK	[1, 36]
	1993; 1994	UK; Spain	[34]
	1993 – 1996	Spain	[27, 28]
	1993 – 1996	Germany	[4]
	1994 - 1997	USA (*Spain & Germany & UK & Austria & Italy & Greece & Ukraine & Brazil)	[2, 15]
	mid - late 1990’s	Croatia	[67]
	1995 - 2001	Russia	[6]
	1996; 1999	UK (*Greece & Germany; Poland & Ireland)	[8]
	1996 – 1997	Luxembourg (*Italy & Bosnia)	[35]
	1997 – 1999	Argentina	[31, 68, 69]
	1997	Brazil	[70, 71]
	1997; 1998	Norway & Germany; Denmark	[38]
	1993; 1999 – 2000	Netherlands (*unknown)	[72]
	1997; 1998	Russia; Poland	[4]
	1999	Uruguay	[73]
	1997; 1999; 2000	Canada (*unknown & ?USA; Netherlands; Bolivia & ?Belgium)	[29]
	1997 – 2000	USA (*UK & Europe & Brazil & Turkey)	[39]
	1999 – 2001; 2003	Germany	[21, 42, 63]
	2000 - 2001	Turkey	[74]
	2001	Dominican Rep. & Haiti	[75]
	2003	USA (*Israel)	[24]
D7
	1980s #	UK (SSPE cases)	[1]
	1985 – 1989	Australia	[33]
	1999 – 2003	Germany	[21, 42]
	1999; 2001	USA (*Sweden; Europe & unknown)	[39]
	2000	Canada (*Mexico)	[29]
	2000; 2001	Australia (*Sri Lanka; Burma)	[53]
	2001 - 2003	Spain	[22]
	2001	El Salvador (*Europe)	[76]
	2001	UK (*France & Spain)	[8]
	2002	Italy & UK (*Italy)	[64]
	2002; 2003	USA (*Italy & unknown; Germany & Italy/France)	[24]
	2003	France	[77]
	2003	India	[78]
D8
	1994	UK	[56]
	1995; 1998; 1999; 2000; 2001	UK (*Pakistan; Yugoslavia & Albania & Oman; India; Bangladesh; Pakistan)	[8]
	1997	India	[55]
	1998 – 1999	Ethiopia	[56]
	1998	Canada (*unknown)	[29]
	1999	Nepal	[49]
	1999	Australia (*unknown)	[53]
	1999	USA (*Italy & UK)	[39]
	2001	Australia (*India)	[53]
	2002	UK (*Lithuania & unknown)	[18, 64]
	2002	Australia (*Bangladesh & unknown)	(Chibo, personal communication)
	2002; 2004	USA (*unknown & India; India & Bangladesh)	[24]
	2003	Spain (*unknown)	[22]
	20030 - 2005	India	[79]
D9
	1999	Australia (*Bali & Java)	[53]
	2001 – 2002	Venezuela & Colombia (*Europe) & Indonesia	[65, 80]
	2004	Japan (*unknown)	[81]
d10
	2000 - 2001	Uganda	[82]
E	Mid-late 60s	Denmark	[32]
	1970; 1971; late 1970s	USA (SSPE); Germany (Encephalitis); USA (wild-type & MIBE)	[27, 28]
	1987	Canada	[27]
F
	1960’s; 1979; 1994	Spain (SSPE)	[22, 27, 28]
G1
	1983	USA	[3]
G2
	1997	Netherlands (*Indonesia)	[83]
	1997; 2000	UK (*Indonesia; Sth Africa & Mexico & Australia)	[8]
	1999	Indonesia & Malaysia	[84]
	2000	USA (*unknown)	[39]
	2000	Australia (*Malaysia & unknown)	[53]
	2001	Germany (*unknown)	[21]
G3
	1999	East Timor & Australia (*unknown & East Timor)	[85]
	2002	Indonesia	[86]
H1
	1993 - 1994	China	[10]
	1993	Australia (*unknown)	[33]
	1995 – 1999; 2001	China	[87-89]
	1996	UK	[89]
	1997	Netherlands (*China)	[49]
	1997	New Zealand (*unknown)	[90]
	1997 - 2001	USA (*China & unknown & Korea)	[39]
	1998	Denmark (*Thailand)	[38]
	2000	UK (*USA Steiner community)	[8]
	2000 - 2001	Australia (*unknown & Japan)	[53]
	2000 – 2001	Korea	[91]
	2000 - 2001	Canada (*Korea & Singapore)	[29]
	2000; 2001; 2002	Japan (*unknown; unknown; unknown)	[92, 93]
	2001	Germany (*Mongolia)	[42, 63]
	2001	Spain (*China)	[22]
	2002	Australia (*unknown) & Mongolia	(Chibo, personal communication)
	2003; 2004	Rep. of Marshall Islands & Chile (*Japan) & Mexico (*unknown); Mexico (*unknown)	[65, 94]
	2003; 2004	USA (*Rep. Marshall Islands & unknown; China)	[24]
H2
	1994	China	[10]
	1997; 2000; 2001	USA (*Vietnam; unknown; unknown)	[39]
	1998	Vietnam	[88]
	2002	Australia (*unknown)	(Chibo, personal communication)

Riddell MA, Rota JS, Rota PA. 2005. Review of the temporal and geographical distribution of measles virus genotypes in the prevaccine and postvaccine eras. Virol J 2(1):87

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